CONJUNCTIONS
What are conjunctions?
•
Conjunctions are words such as
•
‘and’
•
‘but’
•
‘or’ and
•
‘though.
•
They are used to connect
•
Two words,
•
Two phrases or
•
Two Sentences.
Connecting
two words
• Examples:
• 1.
Two and two make four.
• 2.
Jasrutha Sakthi and Nandhini are in the same class.
• 3.
I like fruit and vegetables.
Connecting
two phrases
• I
play in the morning and in the evening
• In
the morning is a phrase
• In
the evening is another phrase
• They
are being connected by ‘and’
Connecting
two sentences
• She
is poor, but she is honest.
• She
is poor is a sentence ( clause)
• She
is honest is another sentence( clause)
• These
two sentences are being connected by the conjunction, ‘but’
Conjunctions:
two kinds
• There
are two kinds of conjunctions. They are:
• 1.
Coordinating conjunctions
• 2.
subordinating conjunctions
Coordinating
conjunctions
• A
coordinating conjunction joins together clauses of equal rank. It joins pairs
of clauses that are grammatically independent of each other.
• There
are three chief coordinating conjunctions.
• They
are:
• ‘and’
• ‘or
'and
• ‘but’
Coordinating
conjunctions- examples
• 1.
We bought the food and they supplied the drink.
• We
bought the food- is an independent clause
• They
supplied the drink- is another independent clause
• These
two clauses are being connected with the coordinating conjunction,’ and’
• 2.
We could go swimming, or we could stay here.
• 3.
He is poor, but he is happy
Subordinating
conjunctions
• A
conjunction introducing a dependent or subordinate clause is called a
subordinating conjunction.
• A
subordinating conjunction joins a clause to another, on which it depends for
its full meaning
Chief
subordinating conjunctions
• The
chief subordinating conjunctions are:
• After because though
• Although before unless
When where while
Subordinating
conjunctions-examples
• 1.
I reached the station after the train
had left
• I
reached the station- independent/ main clause
• The
train had left- dependent or subordinate clause
After-
subordinating conjunction
• 2.
I f you study well, you will pass the exam.
• Can
you point out the main/ subordinate class?
• What
is is the subordinating conjunction here?
• 3.
He ran away, because he was afraid.
• 4..Although
he is poor, he is happy.
• Find
out the main clause, subordinate clause and the subordinating conjunction in
the above two sentences
Problems
with conjunctions
• In
English, when two sentences are combined so that they make one sentence, only
one conjunction or other joining word is used to connect them
• One
conjunction is enough to join two clauses
We
do not normally use two
• Take
for example the following:
• 1.
She was tired.
• 2.
she still went on working.
• These
two sentences may be combined in either of the following ways:
• A)
By using a coordinating conjunction, which places both the clauses
grammatically on equal footing
• She
was tired, but she still went on working.
• B)
By using a subordinating conjunction,
and thus converting one of the sentences to a subordinate clause
• Although
she was tired, she still went on working
• Use
of two conjunctions as in the following sentence is not correct.
• Although
she was tired, but she still went on working. X
• Another
example
• A)
By using coordinating conjunction:
• 1.
I liked him, so, I tried to help him
• I
liked him- main clause/ independent clause
• I
tried to help him- another main clause
• So-
a coordinating conjunction
• B)
By using subordinating conjunction
• Because
I liked him, I tried to help him
• Because
I liked him- subordinating clause/ dependent clause
• I
tried to help him- Independent clause
• Because
is conjunction
• C)But
not
• Because
I liked him, so I tried to help him. X
Correlative
Conjunctions
• Conjunctions
which are used in pairs are called correlative conjunctions
• Some
correlative conjunctions:
• 1.Either
… or
• 2.
neither…. nor
• 3.
both ……. and
• 4.
not only …… but also
• 5.
though …… yet
• 6.
whether….. or
Examples
• 1.
either….. Or
• We
use either …. Or to talk about a choice between two possibilities.( and some
times more than two)
• A)
I don’t speak either French or German
• B)
You can either come with me or walk home
• 2.
neither …. nor
• A)
He is neither a singer nor a speaker
• B)
the weather is neither hot nor cold
• 3.
not only… but also
• Anitha
is not only a singer but also a dancer.
Points
to be remembered while using correlative conjunctions
• 1.
The second of each pair must always be complementary one to the first.
• Either
must be followed by or(not nor)
• And
conversely
• Neither
must be followed by nor( not by or)
• Example:
• He
is neither willing nor capable( not or capable)
• 2.
Care must be taken to see that the correlations are placed in the correct
positions in a sentence.
• The
general rule is that all words that refer to both alternatives must be placed
before the first of the correlation
• You
may either have an apple or an orange X
• It
is not a correct sentence
• You
may either have an apple or an orange.
• The
two alternatives are
• A)
you may have an apple
• B)
you may have an orange
• The
words common to both are:
• You
may have
• This
must therefore go before the first of the correlatives, and the correct version
of the sentence is
• You
may have either an apple or an orange.
Here
are some more examples
• Wrong: He not only cheated his friends, but
also his parents
• Right: He
cheated not only his friends, but also his parents
• Wrong: She neither cares for gold nor silver
• Right: She
cares for neither gold nor silver.
• Wrong: the elephant both swallowed the bag and
the buns.
• Right: The
elephant swallowed both the bag and the buns
Compound
conjunctions
• Some
compound expressions are used as conjunctions ad are called compound
conjunctions
• The
following are compound conjunctions.
• They
are subordinate conjunctions.
• In
order that as if
• So
that provided that
• Such
that except that
• As
though as well as
• Even
if on condition
that
Books
consulted
• 1.English
Grammar Just for You
• Rajeevan
Karal OUP
• 2.
A Remedial English Grammar for Foreign Students
• F.T..
Wood Macmillan
• 3.
A University grammar of English
• Randolph
quirk & Sidney Green Baum
• 4.
Practical English Usage
• Michael
Swan OUP
• 5.
A Practical English Grammar
• A.J.
Thomson & a.v. Martinet OUP
• 6.Essential
English Grammar
• Raymond
Murphy CUP
• 7.
Intermediate English Grammar
• Raymond
Murphy CUP
• 8.
Technical English communication
• Principals
and practices OUP
• Meenakshi
Raman and Sangeetha Sharma OUP
Assignment-1
• Join
the following sentences using appropriate conjunctions
• 1.
We bought the food. They supplied the drink ( and)
• 2.
She was poor. She was honest.( but)
• 3.
We can go swimming. We could stay here.( or)
• 4.
People disliked her. She was so rude.( because)
• 5.
She was tired. She went to work.( but, although)
• 6.
She sent me a birthday card. She sent me some flowers.(and)
• 7.
Drink plenty of water, you may get sunstroke ( or)
• 8.
Complete this survey. You will win a surprise gift.( if)
Assignment
-2
• Fill
in the blanks with suitable conjunctions:
• 1.
He ran fast,…… he missed the train.
• 2.
Three ……. three make six.
• 3.
He is very rich,….. he Is not happy.
• 4.
He is so poor,….. he is happy.
• 5.
Is this my book……. Yours
• 6.
Time …… tide wait for no man,
• 7.
She writes slowly,…..neatly.
• 8.
Catch me ……. you can.
• 9.
Make hey…….. the sun shines
